Barack Obama’s Rhetorical Management of Public Opinion in the Context of Focusing Events



Abstract

This article explores President Barack Obama’s management of public opinion regarding his policy towards the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) by analyzing the content of the address delivered on 10 September 2014 concerning the US strategy to defeat ISIL. Set in the context of the Obama administration’s approach to American foreign policy and with particular reference to videos released by ISIL showing the execution of US journalists, James W. Foley and Steven Sotloff, the analysis offers insights into how external events affect presidential attention, agendas, and public opinion management.

Key words:

Barack Obama, ISIL, presidential rhetoric, public opinion, focusing event


Abraham, M., & Smith, E. (eds.) (2013). The Making of Barack Obama: The Politics of Persuasion. Clemson: Parlor Press.

Amsden, B. (2014). Dimensions of Temporality in President Obama’s Tucson Memorial Address. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 17(3), 455–76.

Asher, H. (2012). Polling and the Public: What Every Citizen Should Know. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

Aune, J. A., & Medhurst, M. J. (eds.) (2008). The Prospect of Presidential Rhetoric. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Aune, J. A., & Rigsby, E. (2005). The White House and Civil Rights Policy. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Balz, D., & Craighill, P. M. (2014). Poll: Public supports strikes in Iraq, Syria; Obama’s ratings hover near his all-time lows. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/polling/september-2014-washington-postabc-news-poll/2014/09/09/e09e1da2-37d5-11e4-a023-1d61f7f31a05_page.html (15/3/2015).

Baumgartner, F., & Jones, B. D. (1993). Agendas and instability in American politics. Chicago: University of Chicago.

Beasley, V., Asen, R. B., Blair, D. M., Hartnett, S. J., Leeper, K. K., & Mercieca, J. R. (2008). Report of the Task Force on the Presidency and Deliberative Democracy. In: J. A. Aune, & M. J. Medhurst (eds.), The Prospect of Presidential Rhetoric (pp. 251–71). College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Birkland, T. A. (1997). After Disaster: Agenda Setting, Public Policy, and Focusing Events. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Bostdorff, D. M. (2012). Iraq as a Representative Anecdote for Leadership: Barack Obama’s Address on the Fifth Anniversary of the Iraq War. In: K. M. Olson, B. Ponder, M. W. Pfau, & K. Wilson (eds.), Making the Case: Advocacy and Judgment in Public Argument (pp. 161–89). Lansing: Michigan State UP.

Bostdorff, D., Carcasson, M., Farrell, J. M., Ivie, R. L., Kiewe, A., & Smith, K. B. (2008). Report of the Task Force on Presidential Rhetoric in Times of Crisis. In: J. A. Aune, & M. J. Medhurst (eds.), The Prospect of Presidential Rhetoric (pp. 355–78). College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Brace, P., & Hinckley, B. (1992). Follow the leader: Public opinion polls and the modern presidents. New York: HarperCollins.

Campbell, K. K., & Jamieson, K. H. (2008). Presidents Creating the Presidency: Deeds Done in Words. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Canes-Wrone, B. (2015). From Mass Preferences to Policy. Annual Review of Political Science, 18, 147–65.

Canes-Wrone, B., Herron, M. C., & Shotts, K. W. (2001). Leadership and Pandering: A Theory of Executive Policymaking. American Journal of Political Science, 45(3), 532–50.

Canes-Wrone, B., & Kelly, J. P. (2013). The Obama Presidency, Public Position-Taking, and Mass Opinion. Polity, 45(1), 85–104.

Canes-Wrone, B., & Shotts, K. W. (2004). The Conditional Nature of Presidential Responsiveness to Public Opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 690–706.

Ceaser, J., Thurow, G., Tulis, J., & Bessette, J. M. (1981). The Rise of the Rhetorical Presidency. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 11, 158–71.

Cob, R. W., & Elder, C. D. (1983). Participation in American politics: The dynamics of agenda building. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Coe, K., & Neumann, R. (2011). The major addresses of modern presidents: Parameters of a data set. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 41(4), 727–51.

Cohen, J. E. (1999). Presidential responsiveness and public policy-making. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Cox, J. L. (2012). Politics in Motion: Barack Obama’s Use of Movement Metaphors. American Communication Journal, 14(2), 1–13.

Danisch, R. (2012). The Roots and Form of Obama’s Rhetorical Pragmatism. Rhetoric Review, 31(2), 148–68.

Dorsey, L. G. (ed.) (2002). The Presidency and Rhetorical Leadership. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Druckman, J. N., & Jacobs, L. R. (2006). Lumpers and Splitters: The Public Opinion Information that Politicians Collect and Use. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(4), 453–76.

Druckman, J. N., & Jacobs, L. R. (2011). Segmented Representation: The Reagan White House and Disproportionate Responsiveness. In: P. Enns, & C. Wlezien (eds.), Who Gets Represented? (pp. 166–88). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Druckman, J. N., & Jacobs, L. R. (2015). Who Governs?: Presidents, Public Opinion, and Manipulation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dugan, A. (2014). Fewer in U.S. Support Iraq Withdrawal Decision Now vs. 2011. Gallup.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/171923/fewer-support-iraq-withdrawal-decision-2011.aspx (15/3/2015).

Dyson, M. E. (2016). The Black Presidency. Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Edelman, M. (1964). The symbolic uses of politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Edelman, M. (1974). Language and social problems. New York: New York Academic Press.

Edwards III, G. C. (1989). At the Margins: Presidential Leadership of Congress. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Edwards III, G. C. (1996). Presidential rhetoric: What difference does it make? In: M. J. Medhurst (ed.), Beyond the rhetorical presidency (pp. 199–217). College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Edwards III, G. C. (2006). On Deaf Ears: the Limits of the Bully Pulpit. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Erikson, R. S., Luttbeg, N. R., & Tedin, K. L. (1991). American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Context, and Impact. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Ferrara, M. S. (2013). Barack Obama and the Rhetoric of Hope. Jefferson: McFarland.

Frank, D. A. (2011). Obama’s rhetorical signature: Cosmopolitan Civil Religion in the Presidential Inaugural Address, January 20, 2009. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14(4), 605–30.

Frank, D. A. (2014). Facing Moloch: Barack Obama’s national eulogies and gun violence. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 17(4), 653–78.

Garvey, T. (2011). The Obama administration’s evolving approach to the signing statement. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 41(2), 393–407.

Goldberg, J. (2016). The Obama Doctrine. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/ (15/3/2017).

Hart, R. P. (1987). The Sound of Leadership: Presidential Communication in the Modern Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hart, R. P. (2008). Thinking Harder About Presidential Discourse. In: J. A. Aune, & M. J. Medhurst (eds.), The Prospect of Presidential Rhetoric (pp. 238–48). College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Hogan, M. J. (1997). George Gallup and the Rhetoric of Scientific Discovery. Communication Monographs, 64(2), 161–79.

Hogan, M. J., Edwards III, G. C., Hall, W. C., Harold, C. L., Hauser, G. A., Herbst, S., Shapiro, R. Y., & Smith III, T. J. (2008). Report of the Task Force on the Presidency and Public Opinion. In: J. A. Aune, & M. J. Medhurst (eds.), The Prospect of Presidential Rhetoric (pp. 293–316). College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Hook, J., & Lee, C. E. (2014). WSJ/NBC Poll: Almost Two-Thirds Back Attacking Militants.

http://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-nbc-poll-finds-that-almost-two-thirds-of-americans-back-attacking-militants-1410301920 (15/3/2015).

Ivie, R. L. (2011). Obama at West Point: A study in ambiguity of purpose. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14(4), 727–60.

Jacobs, L. R., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2002). Politics and Policymaking in the Real World: Crafted Talk and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness. In: J. Manza, F. L. Cook, & B. I. Page (eds.), Navigating Public Opinion: Polls, Policy, and the Future of American Democracy (pp. 54–75). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jamieson, K. H. (1988). Eloquence in an Electronic Age: The Transformation of Political Speechmaking. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jones, J. M. (2014A). Support for Iraq Military Action Low in Historical Context. Gallup.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/171968/support-iraq-military-action-low-historical-context.aspx (15/3/2015).

Jones, J. M. (2014B). Trust in Federal Gov’t on International Issues at New Low. Gallup.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/175697/trust-federal-gov-international-issues-new-low.aspx (15/3/2015).

Jones, J. M. (2014C). U. S. Satisfaction Generally Stable at 22%. Gallup.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/174917/satisfaction-generally-stable.aspx (15/3/2015).

Jones, J. M., & Newport, F. (2014). Slightly Fewer Back ISIS Military Action vs. Past Actions. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/177263/slightly-fewer-back-isis-military-action-past actions.aspx (15/3/2015).

Kernell, S. (2006). Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

Kiewe, A. (ed.) (1994). The Modern Presidency and Crisis Rhetoric. Westport: Praeger.

Kingdon, J. W. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Boston: Little, Brown.

Knecht, T. (2010). Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision-Making. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Leeman, R. W. (2012). The teleological discourse of Barack Obama. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Lynch, M. (2015). Obama and the Middle East. Rightsizing the U.S. Role. Foreign Affairs, 94(5), 18–27.

McCarthy, J. (2014). Ebola Debuts on Americans’ List of Top U.S. Problems. Gallup.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/178742/ebola-debuts-americans-list-top-problems.aspx (15/3/2015).

McCrisken, T. (2011). Ten years on: Obama’s war on terrorism in rhetoric and practice. International Affairs, 87(4), 781–801.

McPhail, M. L, & McPhail, R. (2011). (E)raced men: Complicity and responsibility in the rhetorics of Barack Obama. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14(4), 673–92.

Medhurst, M. J. (2012). Barack Obama’s 2009 Inaugural Address: Narrative Signature and Interpretation. In: K. M. Olson, M. W. Pfau, B. Ponder, & K. H. Wilson (eds.), Making the Case: Advocacy and Judgment in Public Argument, (pp. 191–228). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.

Medhurst, M. J. (ed.) (1996). Beyond the Rhetorical Presidency. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Miles, M. R. (2016). Presidential Appeals to Moral Foundations: How Modern Presidents Persuade Cross‐Ideologues. The Policy Studies Journal, 44(4), 471–90.

Mohammed, D., & Zarefsky, D. (2011). Pragma-dialectical analysis of rhetorical texts: The case of Barack Obama in Cairo. In: E. T. Feteris, B. Garssen, & F. S. Henkemans (eds.), Keeping in touch with Pragma-Dialectics. In honor of Frans H. van Eemeren (pp. 89–102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Mosley-Jensen, W. (2015). Argumentative dimensions of Pathos: The Patheme in Obama’s 2012 State of the Union Address. In: C. H. Palczewski (ed.), Disturbing argument (pp. 273–78). New York: Routledge.

Mueller, J., & Stewart, M. G. (2016a). American Public Opinion on Terrorism since 9/11: Trends and Puzzles. National Convention of the International Studies Association, 17 March 2016, Atlanta, Georgia. Conference presentation.

Mueller, J., & Stewart, M. G. (2016b). Misoverestimating ISIS: Comparisons with Al-Qaeda. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(4), 30–39.

Murphy, J. M. (2015). Barack Obama and Rhetorical History. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 101(1), 213–24.

Newport, F. (2014). More Americans Now View Afghanistan War as a Mistake. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/167471/americans-view-afghanistan-war-mistake.aspx (15/3/2015).

Nielsen (2014). 34 Million People Tune in to Watch Pres. Obama’s Speech Concerning ISIS.

http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2014/34-million-people-tune-in-to-watch-pres-obamas-speech-concerning-isis.html (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2009A). Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress. February 24, 2009.

http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=85753 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2009B). Inaugural Address. January 20, 2009. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2009C). Remarks at a Graduation Ceremony at the New Economic School in Moscow, Russia. July 7, 2009. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=86379 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2009D). Remarks in Cairo. June 4, 2009. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=86221 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2009E). Remarks in Prague. April 5, 2009. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=85963 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2009F). Remarks on United States Military and Diplomatic Strategies for Afghanistan and Pakistan. March 27, 2009. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=85924 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2011). Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa. May 19, 2011. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/19/remarks-president-middle-east-and-north-africa (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2013A). Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union. February 12, 2013. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=102826 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2013B). Remarks at National Defense University. May 23, 2013.

http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=103625 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2013C). Remarks on Health Insurance Reform and an Exchange With Reporters in San Jose, California. June 7, 2013. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=103754 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2013D). The President’s News Conference. August 9, 2013.

http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=104008 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2013E). U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities.

www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/2013.05.23_fact_sheet_on_ppg.pdf (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2014A). Address to the Nation on United States Strategy To Combat the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Terrorist Organization (ISIL). September 10, 2014.

http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=107266 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2014B). Commencement Address at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. May 28, 2014. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=105220 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2014C). Remarks on the National Economy and the Situations in Iraq and Ukraine and an Exchange With Reporters. August 28, 2014. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=106810 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2014D). Remarks on the Situation in Iraq and an Exchange With Reporters. June 13, 2014. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=105267 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2014E). Remarks on the Situation in Iraq. August 7, 2014.

http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=106626 (15/3/2015).

Obama, B. (2014F). Remarks on United States Signals Intelligence and Electronic Surveillance Programs. January 17, 2014. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=104603 (15/3/2015).

Ostrom, C. W., & Simon, D. M. (1989).The man in the teflon suit? The environmental connection, political drama, and popular support in the Reagan presidency. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(3), 354–87.

Pauley, G. E. (2001). The Modern Presidency and Civil Rights. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Presidential Approval Rating – Barack Obama. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/116479/barack-obama-presidential-job-approval.aspx (15/3/2015).

Presidential Ratings – Issues Approval. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1726/presidential-ratings-issues-approval.aspx (15/3/2015).

Ragsdale, L. (1982). Presidents and Publics: The Dialogue of Presidential Leadership, 1949-1979. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Reeves, J., & May, M. (2013). The Peace Rhetoric of a War President: Barack Obama and the Just War Legacy. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 16(4), 623–50.

Rhodes, J., & Hlavacik, M. (2015). Imagining moral presidential speech: Barack Obama’s Niebuhrian Nobel. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 18(3), 471–504.

Riffkin, R. (2014A). Government, Economy, Immigration Are Top U.S. Problems. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/174809/government-economy-immigration-top-problems.aspx (15/3/2015).

Riffkin, R. (2014B). Since 9/11, Fewer Americans Say Terrorism Top Problem. Gallup.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/175721/fewer-americans-say-terrorism-top-problem.aspx (15/3/2015).

Rottinghaus, B. (2007). Following the Mail Hawks: Alternative Measures of Public Opinion on Vietnam in the Johnson White House. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(3), 367–91.

Rottinghaus, B. (2010). The Provisional Pulpit: Modern Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Rowland, R. C. (2011). Barack Obama and the revitalization of public reason. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14(4), 693 –726.

Saad, L. (2014). No Change in U.S. Mood: 23% Satisfied, 76% Not. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/175793/no-change-mood-satisfied-not.aspx (15/3/2015).

Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2007). The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Innovations and Clarifications. In: P. Sabatier (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process (pp. 189–222). Boulder: Westview Press.

Satisfaction With the United States. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1669/general-mood-country.aspx (15/3/2015).

Shapiro, R. Y. (2011). Public Opinion and American Democracy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(5), 982–1017.

Simon, D. M., & Ostrom, C. W., Jr. (1989). The impact of televised speeches and foreign travel on presidential approval. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(1), 58–82.

Stern, J. (2015). Obama and Terrorism. Like It or Not, the War Goes On. Foreign Affairs, 94(5), 62–70.

Stewart, J. (2012). Barack Obama. The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. http://www.cc.com/video-clips/erashz/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-barack-obama-pt--1 (15/3/2015).

Stimson, J. A., MacKuen, M. B., & Erikson, R. S. (1995). Dynamic Representation. American Political Science Review, 89(3), 543–65.

Stone, D. (1989). Causal stories and the formation of policy agendas. Political Science Quarterly, 104(2), 281–300.

Stuckey, M. E., & Antczak, F. J. (1998). The Rhetorical Presidency: Deepening Vision, Widening Exchange. In: M. Roloff (ed.), Communication Yearbook 21 (pp. 405–42). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Stuckey, M. E., Genovese, M. A., Jarvis, S. E., Smith, C. A., Smith, C. R., Spitzer, R., & Zaeske, S. M. (2008). Report of the Task Force on Presidential Communication to Congress. In: J. A. Aune, & M. J. Medhurst (eds.), The Prospect of Presidential Rhetoric (pp. 272–92). College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Stuckey, M. E., & O’Rourke, S. P. (2014). Civility, Democracy, and National Politics. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 17(4), 711–36.

Tenpas, K. D., & McCann, J. A. (2007). Testing the Permanence of the Permanent Campaign: An Analysis of Presidential Polling Expenditures, 1977-2002. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(3), 349–66.

Terrill, R. (2011). An uneasy peace: Barack Obama’s Nobel Peace Prize lecture. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 14(4), 761–80.

Terrill, R. (2015). Double-Consciousness and the rhetoric of Barack Obama: The Price and Promise of Citizenship. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

Thurow, G., & Wallin, J. D. (eds.) (1984). Rhetoric and American Statesmanship. Durhan: Carolina Academic Press.

Tulis, J. (1987). The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Turner, K. J. (1985). Lyndon Johnson’s Dual War: Vietnam and the Press. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Vaughn, J. S., & Mercieca, J. R. (eds.) (2014). The rhetoric of heroic expectations: Establishing the Obama presidency. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Villalobos, J. D., Vaughn, J. S., & Azari, J. R. (2012). Politics or Policy? How Rhetoric Matters to Presidential Leadership of Congress. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 42(3), 549–76.

Welch, R. L. (2003b). Was Reagan Really a Great Communicator? The Influence of Televised Addresses on Public Opinion. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 33(4), 853–76.

Wemple, E. (2014). Poll: Islamic State beheadings get significant media penetration.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2014/09/11/poll-islamic-state-beheadings-get-significant-media-penetration/ (15/3/2015).

Windt, T. O., Jr. (1990). Presidents and protesters: Political rhetoric in the 1960s. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Zaller, J. R. (2003). Coming to Grips with V.O. Key’s Concept of Latent Opinion. In: M. MacKuen, & G. Rabinowitz (eds.), Electoral Democracy (pp. 311–36). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Zarefsky, D. (2004). Presidential Rhetoric and the Power of Definition. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 34(3), 607– 19.

Download

Published : 2018-06-30


RzepeckaM. (2018). Barack Obama’s Rhetorical Management of Public Opinion in the Context of Focusing Events. Political Preferences, (19). Retrieved from https://journals.us.edu.pl/index.php/PP/article/view/6299

Marta Rzepecka  marta.rzepecka@ur.edu.pl
University of Rzeszów 



The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.

1. License

The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

2. Author’s Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.

If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".

ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).

3. User Rights

Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.

4. Co-Authorship

If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.

I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.